HISTORY OF PAKISTAN

Throughout history, the territory inside the 

borders of Pakistan witnessed largely civilizations Wars developed religions and reforms 

me important 

events that existed here modern humans are thought to have arrived in Pakistan 

between seventy-three thousand and fifty

five thousand years ago settled lifewhich farming in pastoral ISM started around 7000 BC people worked inagriculture and in the domestication of animals like goats sheep or cattle by4500 BC settled life had become more widespread and in time evolved into theIndus Valley Civilisation is one of the earliest civilizations Indus Valley Civilisation as well as ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia was noted for developing new 

techniques and handicraft metallurgy 

development it's believed to be thethe first civilization to use wheeled transport in the form of Bullock cartsand also used boats the route which 

traversed the Indus Valley linking the 

Central Asia the Indian subcontinent and the Orient have attracted people from far places at the beginning of thesecond millennium BC climate change with persistent droughts led to the abandonment of the urban centres of theIndus Valley Civilisation its population resettled in smaller villages and mixedwith Indo-Aryan tribes who moved into 

other areas of the Indian subcontinent in

several waves of migration also driven by the effects of this climate changethe Vedic period 1500 to 500 BC asIndo-Aryans migrated and settled intothe Indus Valley along with them came their distinctive religious tradition sand practices which fused with local culture the initial early Vedic culture was atribal pastoral society centred in the Indus Valley of what is today Pakistan 

during this period the Vettes the oldest 

scriptures of Hinduism werecomposed of the 

Vedic tribes that remained in the Indus.

Valley by six century BC these tribes 

fought against one another and were vulnerable against possible Outsiders or invasions King Darius the first of the Achaemenid Empire took advantage of the opportunity and planned for an invasion. The Indus Valley was a major off- for the Persian Empire and other earlier incursions and campaigns existed in the Indus River in 518 BC Darius led his army through the Khyber Pass eventually reaching the Arabian Sea coasts in sinned by 516 BC under Persian rule a system of centralized administration with a bureaucratic.

The system was introduced into the Indus 

Valley for the first time provinces or a satrapy was established with provincial capitals also there is no archaeological evidence of a K minute control over these regions as not a single

an archaeological site that can be 

positively identified with the Achaemenid Empire has been found anywhere in Pakistan. We know about the  easternmost satraps and the borderlands of via commanded empire are set in Daria subscriptions and from greek sources in 328 BC Alexander the Great at that time King of Macedonia king of Persia and Pharaoh of Egypt had conquered much of the former satraps in the Achaemenid Empire up to Bactria when Alexander died in 323 BCE he left behind an expansive empire stretching from Greece to the Indus River the Empire was put under the authority of / takes and the territories were divided among Alexander's generals due to the internal conflicts of Alexander's generals Chandragupta and his Brahmin councillor Chanakya saw an opportunity to expand the Mauryan empire from its Ganges plain Heartland in Bihar towards the Indus Valley between 325 BCE to 303 BCE Mauryan Empire incorporated today's Pakistan and far beyond in today's Afghanistan collapsed around 180 BC and the shunga Empire started to exist but not near the Indus Valley here in Alexander's campaigns many Greeks established in this part of the Empire creating communities and influencing the region with their culture the indo-greek kingdom expanded beyond the Hindu Kush their territories covered paunchy Ranke pissah in modern Afghanistan and extended to Punjab the region with many tributaries to the south and east the Greek and Indian languages culture traditions mixed creating a very interesting period for this land

Sikka's migrated from southern central 

Asia into Pakistan from the middle of the second century BC to the 1st century BC they replaced the Indo Greeks Indo Parthian and cushion empires ruled the lands here in the 1st centuries ad by At the end of the 3rd century the Sassanids 

Shan cha Shakur the first had 

incorporated the indo-Iranian 

Borderlands into the Sassanid realm the 

Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian 

Empire existing approximately from 320 

to 600 and covered much of northern 

South Asia including some parts of 

modern Pakistan has its border with 

the Sassanid Empire in the Indus Valley 

across Indus River, this period is very 

important great accomplishments and 

great cultural developments took place 

during the reigns of important leaders 

as an example, we can give the literary 

epics such as Mahabharata and Ramayana 

this structure collapsed due to internal 

and external factors like loss of 

territories invasions and instability 

the Indo heft the lights were a nomadic 

Confederation in Central Asia during the 

Late Antiquity period they were defeated 

by an alliance of Indian rulers Brahmin 

dynasty existed in the region of Sindh 

between 632 and around 724 in this 

territory here were many other small 

states in the next centuries another 

an important period of this land is 

expansion of the Arab caliphs it's a 

large expansion happened in the 7th 

a century after conquering the Middle East 

and the Sassanid Empire a Reb Forces had 

reached the Indus Valley Muhammad bin 

Qasim conquered most of the industry 

j'en for the Umayyad empire during the 

time of Arab caliphs it's a gradual 

conversion to Islam happened as the new 

religion spread more and more also 

Arabic and Persian languages spread and 

influenced the region Ghaznavid empire 

and then the green empire ruled for 

centuries over the Indus Valley and 

beyond 

by doing so the new culture and religion 

was embraced by more and more people 

becoming dominant in time the Delhi

Empire was a Sultanate based in Delhi 

that stretched over large parts of India 

ruling over the largest rivers here and also deep in

 India's territory, this s

ultanate was ruled by the Five Dynasties

men look call G tug loc Siyad and Lodi

during and in the Delhi Sultanate the

the emergence of the Hindi Urdu language 

started to happen there was a synthesis 

of Indian civilization and that of 

Islamic civilization and the further 

integration of the Indian subcontinent 

with the growing world system and wider 

international networks spending large 

parts of afro-Eurasia which had a 

significant impact on Indian culture and 

society, Mongols attacked the region 

between the 13th and 14th centuries.

Timur invaded the Punjab region and 

sacked cities at the end of the 14th 

century the first battle of Panipat 

was fought between the invading forces 

of Babur and the Lodi kingdom it took 

place in North India and marked the 

beginning of the Mughal Empire in the 

end of the Delhi Sultanate this was one 

of the earliest battles involving 

gunpowder firearms and field artillery 

in the Indian subcontinent which was 

induced by Mughals in this battle the

 early modern period started with the 

Mughal Empire Mughal rule was briefly 

interrupted by the Sur Empire the

 religion of Sikhism originated during 

this era in the Punjab province of 

Pakistan Mughal rule was the time of 

economic development prosperity and 

peace for Pakistan which remained nearly 

two centuries and also the golden age of 

the region there responsible for 

spreading our dual and built many masjid 

xx mausoleums madrasahs sand forts in 

Pakistan the period was marked by 

economic activity excellence in painting 

and magnificent architecture the Mughal 

dynasty greatly influenced the art 

architecture culture of today's Pakistan 

during the decline of Mughal in the late

18th and early 19th century the other 

dynasties invaded and then controlled 

the region 

over these lands ruled the Durrani.

Empire the Marathas and the Sikh Empire 

most of the territory of modern Pakistan 

was occupied by the East India Company 

of the British Empire a series of 

conflicts followed in the region in 

which the British fought local rulers 

six and Afghans Pakistan became part of 

British rule later than other parts of 

South Asia and stayed this way until 

the 14th of August 1947 when Pakistan 

gained independence the two provinces of 

British India Punjab and Bengal were 

divided along religious lines violence 

and conflicts existed between the Hindus 

six and Muslims and millions migrated to 

the new borders and some exchanges of 

populations the dispute over Kashmir 

escalated into the first war between 

India and Pakistan Constitution in 1956 

led to Pakistan declaring itself the 

Islamic Republic with the adoption of a

 parliamentary democratic system of 

government another conflict with India 

will happen that took place between 

April 1965 and September 1965 economic 

grievances and political 

disenfranchisement in East Pakistan led 

to violent political tensions escalating 

into civil war than another conflict 

with India, Pakistan was defeated in the 

war and this led to Bangladesh 

independence between 1971 to 1977 Zilpha 

car Ali Bhutto creates an Islamic 

socialist system in 1977 after a coup

sulfa car Ali Bhutto is executed the 

Islamic law is imposed political crises 

new elections and instabilities existed 

until this day also an important facet of 

the period of modern Pakistan is their 

population boom if in this region lived 

thirty-five million when they achieved 

independence by 1990 here lived around 

100 million and today more than 200 

million people